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Egyptian Chronology

The following list is intended to give the reader a general chronological framework. The dates until 664 BCE are based on E. Hornung, R. Krauss, and D.A. Warburton, eds. (2006), Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Handbook of Oriental Studies 83, Leiden, and J. Baines and J. Málek (2000), Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Oxford. The dates given for the Macedonian and Ptolemaic Periods are derived from G. Hölbl (2001), A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, London and New York. Dates and spellings may differ in some illustration captions due to specific copyright restrictions required by the object’s institution.

Badarian (ca. 5500–4000 BCE)

Predynastic (4000–2950 BCE)

  • Nagada I (4000–3500)
  • Nagada II (3500–3350)
  • Nagada III (3350–2950)

Early Dynastic/Archaic Period (ca. 2950–2545 BCE)

Dynasty 1 (ca. 2950–2730)

  • Narmer
  • 'Aha
  • Djer
  • “Serpent”
  • Den
  • 'Adj-ib/Anedjib
  • Semer-khet
  • Qa-'a

Dynasty 2 (ca. 2730–2590)

  • Hetep-sekhemwy
  • Ra'-neb
  • Ny-netjer
  • Per-ibsen
  • Sekhem-ib
  • Sened
  • Kha-sekhemwy

Dynasty 3 (ca. 2592–2544)

  • Djoser ca. 2592–2566
  • Sekhem-khet ca. 2565–2559
  • Kha'ba ca. 2559–?
  • Sanakht ?–?
  • Nebka ?–?
  • Huni ca. ?–2544

Old Kingdom (ca. 2543–2120)

Dynasty 4 (ca. 2543–2436)

  • Snofru ca. 2543–2510
  • Khufu (Cheops) ca. 2509–2483
  • Radjedef/Djedefre ca. 2482–2475
  • Bikheris ca. 2474–2473
  • Khafre (Chephren) ca. 2472–2448
  • Menkaure (Mycerinus) ca. 2447–2442
  • Shepseskaf ca. 2441–2436

Dynasty 5 (ca. 2435–2306)

  • Userkaf ca. 2435–2429
  • Sahure ca. 2428–2416
  • Neferirkare Kakai ca. 2415–2405
  • Neferefre/Raneferef ca. 2404
  • Shepseskare ca. 2403
  • Niuserre ca. 2402–2374
  • Menkauhor ca. 2373–2366
  • Djedkare Isesi ca. 2365–2322
  • Unas ca. 2321–2306

Dynasty 6 (ca. 2305–2152)

  • Teti ca. 2305–2279
  • Userkare ?–?
  • Pepy I ca. 2276–2228
  • Merenre ca. 2227–2217
  • Pepy II ca. 2216–2153
  • Merenre II ca. 2152

Dynasty 7/8 (ca. 2150–2118)

  • Neferkaure ca. 2126–2113
  • Neferkauhor ca. 2122–2120
  • Neferirkare ca. 2119–2118

First Intermediate Period (ca. 2118–1980 BCE)

  • Includes Herakleopolitan Dynasties 9 and 10

Middle Kingdom (ca. 1980–1760 BCE)

(Theban) Dynasty 11 (ca. 2080–1940)

  • Mentuhotep I ca. 2080–?
  • Inyotef I ca. ?–2067
  • Inyotef II ca. 2066–2017
  • Inyotef III ca. 2016–2009
  • Mentuhotep II ca. 2009–1959
  • Mentuhotep III ca. 1958–1947
  • Mentuhotep IV ca. 1947–1940

Dynasty 12 (ca. 1939–1760)

  • Amenemhet I ca. 1939–1910
  • Senwosret I ca. 1920–1875 *Alternate spelling Senusret I
  • Amenemher II ca. 1878–1843
  • Senwosret II ca. 1845–1837 *Alternate spelling Senusret II
  • Senwosret III ca. 1837–1819 *Alternate spelling Senusret III
  • Amenemhet III ca. 1818–1773
  • Amenemhet IV ca. 1772–1764
  • Nefrusobk/Sobekneferu (Queen) ca. 1763–1760

Second Intermediate Period (ca. 1759–1539)

  • Dynasty 13 (ca. 1759–1630)
  • Dynasty 14 (ca. ?)
  • Dynasty 15 (Hyksos, ?–ca. 1530)
  • Dynasties 16 and 17 (ca. ?–1540)

New Kingdom (ca. 1539–1077 BCE)

Dynasty 18 (c. 1539–1292)

  • Where reign overlaps occur, they arise from coregencies
  • Ahmose ca. 1539–1515
  • Amenhotep I ca. 1514–1494
  • Thutmose I ca. 1493–1483
  • Thutmose II ca. 1482–1480
  • Thutmose III ca. 1479–1425
  • Hatshepsut (Queen) ca. 1479–1458
  • Amenhotep II ca. 1425–1400
  • Thutmose IV ca. 1400–1390
  • Amenhotep III ca. 1390–1353
  • Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) ca. 1353–1336
  • Smenkhkare/Neferneferuaten ca. 1336–1334
  • Neferneferuaten ca. 1334–?
  • Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun ca. 1333–1324
  • Ay ca. 1323–1320
  • Horemheb ca. 1319–1292

Dynasty 19 (ca. 1292–1191)

  • Ramesses I ca. 1292–1291
  • Sety I ca. 1290–1279
  • Ramesses II ca. 1279–1213
  • Merneptah Ca. 1213–1203
  • Sety II ca. 1202–1198
  • Amenmesse ca. 1202–1200
  • Siptah ca. 1197–1193
  • Twosret (Queen) ca. 1192–1191

Dynasty 20 (ca. 1190–1077)

  • Sethnakhr ea. 1190–1188
  • Ramesses III ca. 1187–1157
  • Ramesses IV ca. 1156–1150
  • Ramesses V ca. 1149–1146
  • Ramesses VI ca. 1145–1139
  • Ramesses VII ca. 1138–1131
  • Ramesses VIII ca. 1130
  • Ramesses IX ca. 1129–1111
  • Ramesses X ca. 1110–1107
  • Ramesses XI ca. 1106–1077

Third Intermediate Period (ca. 1076-723 BCE)

Dynasty 21 (ca. 1076–944)

  • Smendes ca. 1076–1052
  • Psusennes ca. 1051–1006
  • Amenemnisut cn. 1005–1002
  • Amenemope ca. 1002–993
  • Osorkon “the Elder” 992–987
  • Siamun 986–ca. 968
  • Psusennes II ca. 967–944

Dynasty 22 (ca. 943–746)

  • Shoshenq ca. 943–923
  • Osorkon I ca. 922–ca. 888
  • Takelot I ca. 877–874
  • Shoshenq II ca. 873
  • Osorkon II ca. 872–842
  • Shoshenq III ca. 841–803
  • Shosheng IIIa ca. ?–790
  • Pami ca. 789–784
  • Shoshenq V ca. 783–ca. 746

Dynasty 23 (Upper Egypt and Rival Kings, ca. 845–812)
Dynasty 23 (Lower Egypt, ca. 730)
Dynasty 24 (ca. 736–723)

Late Period (722-332 BCE)

Dynasty 25 (ca. 722–655)

  • Piye/Piankhi ca. 753–723
  • Shabaka ca. 722–707
  • Shebitku ca. 706–690
  • Taharqa 690–664
  • Tanwetamani 664–655/53

Dynasty 26 (664–525)

  • Psamtik (Psammctichus) I 664–610
  • Necho II 610–595
  • Psamtik (Psammetichus) II 595–589
  • Apries 589–570
  • Amasis 570–526
  • Psamtik (Psammetichus) III 526–525

Dynasty 27 (First Persian Period, 525–404)

  • Cambyses 525–522
  • Darius I 521–486
  • Xerxes 486–466
  • Artaxerxes I 465–424
  • Darius II 424–404

Dynasty 28 (404–399)

  • Amyrtaios 404–399

Dynasty 29 (399–380)

  • Nepherites I 399–393
  • Psammuthis 393
  • Hakoris (Achoris) 393–380
  • Nepherites II ca. 380

Dynasty 30 (380–343)

  • Nectanebo I 380–362
  • Teos (Tachos) 362–360
  • Nectanebo II 360–343

Dynasty 31 (Second Persian Period, 343–332)

  • Artaxerxes III Ochus 343–338
  • Arses 338–336
  • Darius III Codomannus 336–332

Greco-Roman Period (332 BCE–CE 642)

Macedonian Dynasty (332–305 BCE)

  • Alexander the Great 332–323
  • Philip Arrhidaios 323–317
  • Alexander II (IV of Macedon) 316–305

Ptolemaic Period (305-30 BCE)

  • Ptolemy Soter 305–282
  • Ptolemy II Philadelphos 282–246
  • Ptolemy IlI Euergetes I 246–221
  • Ptolemy IV Philopator 221–204
  • Ptolemy V Epiphanes 204–180
  • Ptolemy VI Philometor 180–145
  • Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (never reigned)
  • Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (Physkon) 170–163, 145–116
  • Ptolemy IX Soter II (Lathyros) 116–102
  • Ptolemy X Alexander I 107–88
  • Ptolemy IX Soter II (restored) 88–81
  • Ptolemy XI Alexander II 80
  • Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) 80–58
  • Kleopatra VI Tryphaina and Berenike IV Epiphaneia 58–55
  • Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (restored) 55–51
  • Kleopatra VII Philopator ruled jointly with 51–30
  • Ptolemy XIII and 51–47
  • Ptolemy XIV and 47–44
  • Ptolemy XV Caesarion 44–30

Roman Period (30 BCE–CE 323?)
Byzantine Period (CE 324–642)